Criminal Liability for Deepfake Videos Falsely Depicting Individuals as Criminal Offenders
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Deepfake technology enables the creation of realistic manipulated audiovisual content that falsely portrays individuals as committing criminal acts, threatening personal reputation, privacy, personal data protection, and the integrity of electronic evidence. This normative juridical study examined Indonesia’s criminal law framework governing deepfake creation and dissemination, criminal liability among perpetrators, and legal protection for falsely accused individuals. Employing statutory and conceptual approaches, the research reviewed the Electronic Information and Transactions (EIT) Law, particularly Article 35 and its criminal sanctions, the Personal Data Protection Law, relevant Constitutional Court interpretations, academic literature, and illustrative news reports. The findings revealed that Indonesian legislation lacks a specific criminal provision addressing deepfake technology. Consequently, criminal liability depends on fulfilling applicable statutory elements, including unlawful electronic information manipulation or dissemination, criminal intent, the purpose of presenting manipulated content as authentic, and sufficient evidence connecting perpetrators to prohibited conduct. Liability must be assessed individually because creators and disseminators may demonstrate different actions, knowledge, and intentions. Victim protection requires stronger personal data safeguards, restrictions on unlawful content, effective criminal investigations, and digital forensic examinations to verify electronic evidence. Reports involving artificial intelligence-generated sexually explicit deepfakes illustrate technological misuse but cannot replace final judicial decisions or justify criminal liability through analogy. Furthermore, legal enforcement must distinguish technological manipulation from legally established criminal conduct while maintaining evidentiary reliability and procedural fairness. This study proposed an integrated, role-based legal framework to clarify criminal responsibility, strengthen victim protection, and safeguard electronic evidence within Indonesia’s evolving digital legal system.
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