Karakteristik dan Potensi Terapi Regeneratif Sel Punca pada Penyakit Paru
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Penyakit paru seperti penyakit paru obstruktif kronik (PPOK), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), cystic fibrosis (CF), COVID-19, dan acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) masih menjadi penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas secara global. Sel punca memiliki kemampuan memperbarui diri (self-renewal) dan berdiferensiasi menjadi berbagai jenis sel, sehingga berpotensi dimanfaatkan dalam terapi regeneratif paru. Tinjauan pustaka naratif ini bertujuan merangkum klasifikasi sel punca paru serta potensi dan tantangan aplikasi klinisnya pada penyakit paru. Penelusuran literatur dilakukan pada basis data PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, dan Google Scholar menggunakan kata kunci terkait sel punca paru dan penyakit paru yang relevan. Berdasarkan asalnya, sel punca terdiri atas sel punca embrionik, dewasa, dan perinatal. Pada paru, populasi utama yang berperan dalam regenerasi jaringan meliputi basal stem cells (BSC), mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), dan induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Berbagai penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terapi sel punca, terutama MSC, dapat mengurangi inflamasi, memperbaiki kerusakan jaringan, dan mendukung pemulihan fungsi paru pada PPOK, CF, IPF, COVID-19, serta ARDS, meskipun mayoritas bukti masih berasal dari uji klinis fase I/II berskala kecil. Penerapan klinisnya masih menghadapi berbagai kendala, seperti rendahnya efisiensi engraftment, heterogenitas donor, serta keterbatasan bukti uji klinis fase lanjut. Diperlukan penelitian dan uji klinis berskala besar lebih lanjut sebelum terapi sel punca dapat diterapkan secara luas dalam tata laksana penyakit paru.
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