Volume
3 Number 8 August 2024 E-ISSN:
2963-2900 | P-ISSN: 2964-9048 https://jmi.rivierapublishing.id/index.php/rp
Nurul
Herawati, Fauzul Munah, Ekki Noviana, Nafisah
Askar
Akademi Kebidanan
Bandung
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Breast milk (breast milk) is the
main and best food at the beginning of a baby's life naturally, without other
food additives in babies aged 0-6 months. The Indonesia Health Profile (2018)
shows that the proportion of breastfeeding patterns in Indonesia is 37.3%, this
figure is still below the target of 80%. The percentage of exclusive
breastfeeding in Bogor City in 2019 was 54.7%. In 2020 before, it was 53.15%.
In the PMB A work area of Bogor City, the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding
is low. Various factors affect the provision of exclusive breastfeeding,
including the lack of information and knowledge of mothers about the benefits
of exclusive breastfeeding. Research Objective: To find out the relationship
between breastfeeding mothers' knowledge and exclusive breastfeeding in PMB A
Bogor City. This study uses an analytical descriptive method with a
cross-sectional design. The total population is 39 people, with a sample of 36
people. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. Data were collected
using questionnaires. The analysis methods used were univariate test and
bivariate test using Chi-square α = 0.05. Univariate analysis showed that
breastfeeding mothers aged 21-30 years (61.1%), high school education (33.3%),
and IRT employment (58.3%). Knowledge is lacking (41.7%), and mothers do not
breastfeed exclusively (55.6%). The results of the bivocal
analysis showed that there was a relationship between maternal knowledge and
exclusive breastfeeding (p-value a = 0.004). There is a relationship between
maternal knowledge and exclusive breastfeeding in PMB A Bogor City.
Keyword: Breastfeeding Mother's Knowledge, Breastfeeding
Mother, Exclusive Breastfeeding
Corresponding
Author; Nurul Herawati
E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
�� Exclusive
breast milk (breast milk) is to give only breast milk without complementary
foods from birth to 6 months of age, except for drugs and vitamins (Apara et al., 2024). Exclusive breastfeeding is breastfeeding without other
additional food and beverages in babies aged 0-6 months (Masitah, Nurcahyani,
Syamsul, & Syafruddin, 2024). Foods and drinks such as formula milk, honey, sugar water,
water, or solid foods such as bananas, papayas, biscuits, milk porridge, rice
porridge, salt and even water should not be given (Lestari et al., 2019).
Data from the United Nations
International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) in 2018 concluded that there
was an increase in exclusive breastfeeding in the world by 36% in 2000 to 41%
in 2018, but this figure is still below the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) target of 50%. In general, the rate of breastfeeding in the world is
quite low (Stordal, 2023). Based on the Global Breastfeeding Scorecard report, which
evaluates breastfeeding data from 194 countries, the percentage of babies under
six months who are exclusively breastfed is only 40%. In addition, only 23
countries have exclusive breastfeeding, above 60% (Sischa, Iryanti, Atin, &
Budi, 2020).
Indonesia's Health Profile (2018)
shows that the proportion of The pattern of
breastfeeding for babies aged 0-6 months in Indonesia is 37.3%; this figure is
still below the target of the Indonesian Ministry of Health regarding exclusive
breastfeeding of 80%. One of the provinces with a prevalence of breastfeeding
that is still below the national target is West Java Province. Breastfed babies
in West Java are 57.97%, which indicates the lack of exclusive breastfeeding
for babies in the West Java area (Sischa et al., 2020).
Based on the achievement of
Exclusive Breastfeeding (2018), mothers who did not give exclusive
breastfeeding to infants aged 0-6 months who gave formula milk reached 24%, and
those who gave baby team rice reached 8.7%. In 2019, those who gave formula milk
reached 52%, and those who gave baby team rice reached 18%; then, in 2020,
those who gave formula milk increased to 21.1%, and those who gave baby team
rice reached 10% (Parapat, Haslin, &
Siregar, 2022).
Breast milk is said to affect the
level of AKB because several studies have shown that breast milk containing
antibodies can protect babies from disease and improve the immune system (Riksani, 2012). According to the World Health Organization
(WHO) (2000), babies who are fed�� companions
other than breast milk have a 17 times higher risk of developing diarrhea and
are three to four times more likely to develop ISPA (Upper respiratory tract
infection). In addition to the benefits of breast milk for babies, the benefits
of breast milk can be felt by mothers, families and the country (Astutik, 2014).
According to the results of the
study, according to the Indonesia Health Profile (2017), the exclusive
percentage of 0-6 months is 35.73%. Based on the West Java Health Profile in
2016, the percentage of exclusive breastfeeding for infants aged 0-6 months in
West Java was 46.4%, and the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in Bogor
Regency in 2016 was 52.6%. Meanwhile, 2017 based on the West Java Health
Profile in 2017, the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in West Java was
53.0%, and the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in Bogor Regency was 22.84%.
There has been a decrease in exclusive breastfeeding coverage in Bogor Regency (Purvitasari, 2019).
The results of the Bogor City Health
Office Research in 2021 The percentage of exclusive breast milk in Bogor City
in 2019 was 54.7%; in 2020, the exclusive breast milk adequacy in Bogor City
decreased again, namely 53.15%. In general, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding
in Bogor City is still low. The low sufficiency of exclusive breastfeeding in
Bogor City is caused by mothers' lack of knowledge about exclusive
breastfeeding (Dinkes 2020).
Based on the results of a
preliminary study conducted by researchers in the PMB A work area of Bogor City
in 2023, in December 2022, there were 39 breastfeeding mothers. The results of
interviews conducted by researchers with several mothers in PMB A showed that
mothers did not exclusively breastfeed, and mothers tended to give formula milk
due to the lack of maternal knowledge about breast milk. The mother's knowledge
about the advantages of breast milk will support the exclusive success of
breastfeeding.
The results of research conducted by
Nasution (2016), the factors that influence mothers in deciding and carrying
out breastfeeding patterns, especially the lack of physical and psychological
readiness of mothers, are the lack of information and knowledge about the
benefits of breastfeeding, as well as lactation management related to
breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is one of the important factors in the decline of
CKD, as supported by The Lancet BreastFeeding Series
(2016), which states that breastfeeding can reduce CKD in Indonesia.
The research conducted by Assriyah (2020) obtained data from 95 respondents: 51
respondents (53.7%) who were sufficiently knowledgeable, who gave exclusive
breastfeeding to as many as 7 people and did not give exclusive breastfeeding
to as many as 10 people. Less than 27 people (28.4%) gave exclusive
breastfeeding to as many as 7 people and did not give exclusive breastfeeding
to as many as 20 people. There were 17 respondents (17.9%) who were
well-informed, 10 people who did not breastfeed exclusively and 7 people who
gave exclusive breastfeeding. The results of the univariate analysis showed the
relationship between maternal knowledge and exclusive breastfeeding in the
Working Area.
Sudiang Makassar Health Center (ρ=0.015). This low coverage is
caused by several factors, including problems in the breastfeeding process,
economic factors and support from the surrounding
environment, socio-cultural, occupational and health services, as well as a
lack or low level of public knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding (Budiharjo, 2013).
RESEARCH
METHOD
This study uses an observational
analytical method, which aims to determine the relationship between the
knowledge of breastfeeding mothers and exclusive breastfeeding in PMB A Bogor
City in 2023. The research design/design used by the researcher is cross
sectional, which is an approach that emphasizes the time of data measurement
that is carried out quantitatively, easily and simply.
Data analysis uses univariate
analysis and bivariate analysis. The analysis used in this study is to find out
the frequency distribution of respondent characteristics and questionnaire
results as independent variables. The statistical test carried out was a
proportional difference test using Chi-Square (X�) with a confidence level of
95% to see whether or not the relationship between the
independent variable and the dependent variable was meaningful at the meaning
limit of α= 0.05 with the understanding that if the p-value is 0.05, the
relationship is not statistically meaningful. The conclusion from hypothesis
testing is that there is a relationship if the p-value < 0.05 Hα is
accepted, meaning that there is a relationship between breastfeeding mothers
with exclusive breastfeeding and if the p-value> 0.05 Ho is rejected, it
means that there is no relationship between the knowledge of breastfeeding
mothers and exclusive breastfeeding.
RESULT AND
DISCUSSION
1.
Univariate
Analysis
a.
Characteristics
of Respondents
Table 1. Table By Age
|
It |
Age |
N |
% |
|
|
Mean |
|
1,6 |
|
|
Std. Deviation |
|
0,4 |
|
1 |
< 20 and
> 35 years old |
14 |
38,9 |
|
2 |
20-35 years
old |
22 |
61,1 |
|
|
Sum |
36 |
100 |
The
table above shows that the majority of respondents are
in the age range of 20-35 years, with a total of 22 people (61.1%). While the
rest are spread in the age range of < 20 years and > 35 years.
Table 2. Table by Education
|
It |
Education |
N |
% |
|
|
Mean |
|
2,4 |
|
|
Std. Deviation |
|
0,9 |
|
1 |
SD |
7 |
19,4 |
|
2 |
JUNIOR |
12 |
33,3 |
|
3 |
SMA |
12 |
33,3 |
|
4 |
College |
5 |
13,9 |
|
|
Sum |
36 |
100 |
Based
on the table above, it shows that some of the respondents who are the majority
in the range of junior high school and high school with a total of 12 people
(33.3%).
Table 3. Table by Job It Work N % Mean 1,4 Std.
Deviation 0,5 1 Not
Working 21 58,3 2 Work 15 41,7 Sum 36 100
The
table above shows that most of the respondents, who comprise the
majority of the respondents in the range, do not work with a total of 21
people (58.3%).
b.
Mother's
Knowledge About Exclusive Breastfeeding in PMB A Bogor City
Table 4 Mother's Knowledge Table About Exclusive Breastfeeding It Knowledge N % Mean 2,1 Std. Deviation 0,8 1 Good 9 22,5 2 Enough 12 33,3 3. Less 15 41,7 Sum 36 100
Based
on the table above shows that of the 36 respondents, most of whom are the
majority in the range of less knowledge, with a total of 15 people (41.7%), the
respondents in this study have an average poor knowledge of exclusive
breastfeeding.
Table 5 Exclusive breastfeeding It Gift N % Mean 1,4 Std. Deviation 0,5 1 Not 20 55,6 2 Yes 16 44,4 Sum 36 100
Based
on the table above, it is known that of the 36 respondents, the majority of
whom are in the range of not giving exclusive breastfeeding, with a total of 20
people (55.6%), the respondents in this study are still lacking exclusive
breastfeeding.
2.
Bivariate
Analysis
a.
The
Relationship between Mother's Knowledge and Exclusive Breastfeeding in PMB A
Bogor City
It Knowledge Yes Not Total P-value N % N % N % 1 Good 1 2,7 8 5,0 9 25,0 0,004 2 Enough 7 19,4 5 31,2 12 33,4 3. Less 12 60,0 3 18,7 15 41,6 Sum 20 55,6 16 44,4 36 100
Table 6. The Relationship between Mother's Knowledge and Exclusive Breastfeeding
in PMB A Bogor City
From the table above, it can be seen that there are 9
respondents (25.0%) who have good knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding, 16
respondents (44.4) who do not give exclusive breastfeeding, 12 respondents
(33.4%) who have sufficient knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding, and
respondents who give breastfeeding exclusively��������������� as
many as 20 (55.6), knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding is less as many as
15 people (41.6%), The results of statistical tests obtained P-value: 0.004 < α = 0.05 so
that Ho was rejected and Ha was accepted, namely there is a relationship
between the knowledge of breastfeeding mothers and exclusive breastfeeding in
PMB A Bogor City.
3.
Mother's
Knowledge About Exclusive Breastfeeding in PMB A Bogor City
Mother's knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding can
influence mothers in providing exclusive breastfeeding. The better the mother's
knowledge about the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding, the less the mother's
knowledge about the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding, and the less the
mother's chance of giving exclusive breastfeeding (Suharyono,
2012).
This study was
conducted to increase maternal knowledge about breastfeeding with exclusive
breastfeeding actions for 36 mothers. The results of this study are known that
of the 36 respondents, most of the mothers who exclusively breastfeed their
children amounted to 16 people (44.4%). Mothers do not give exclusive breast
milk to their children, which totals 20 people (55.6%). Respondents in this
study still do not provide exclusive breastfeeding. Mother's knowledge affects
the formation of a mindset that is open to new things. The more knowledge that
mothers get, the better the level of knowledge will be. A person who has more
information will have more knowledge.
According to
Rahman's (2017) research, knowledge is the basis for an individual to make
decisions and determine actions on the problems they face, including health
problems. Knowledge about health can be obtained through formal education, counselling and mass media information. The existence of
knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding will raise awareness and affect
attitudes towards breastfeeding. Knowledge serves as motivation in behaving and
acting, including in the refusal of supplementary feeding.
Knowledge is the
result of knowing, and this happens after people sense a certain object.
Sensing occurs through the five human senses, namely the senses of sight,
hearing, smell, touch and ear. Knowledge or cognition
is a dominant force that is very important for the formation of a person's
actions (Notoadmojo 2012).
Deeply in mothers
about the good or bad effects of breastfeeding exclusively. This understanding
will be the basis for mothers to behave in giving breast milk exclusively to
their babies (Nurfarida, 2012).
The biggest factor
for mothers in providing exclusive breastfeeding is the level of knowledge
(Lestari, 2013). There are several reasons why mothers do not give exclusive
breastfeeding to their babies, most of which are mothers do not know about
exclusive breastfeeding, mothers work, breast milk does not come out, and
mothers feel that their babies are not full if they are only breastfed. In
addition, according to research by Widiyanto, Aviyanti,
and Tyas (2012), exclusive breastfeeding is caused by several factors,
including limited knowledge, attitudes and skills of
health workers on how to provide breastfeeding information and advice to good
and correct breastfeeding methods to mothers and their families, maternal
sociocultural (age, knowledge, education, attitude and the increasing number of
working mothers). It can be concluded that the scope of gift Breast milk exclusivity
in the PMB A work area of Bogor City needs to be improved.
4.
Exclusive
Breastfeeding at PMB A Bogor City
Based on the results of the study, it is known that of the
36 respondents, most of the mothers who do not breastfeed their children
amounted to 20 people (55.6%), while mothers who gave exclusive breastfeeding
to their children amounted to 16 people (44.4%). Respondents in this study
still do not exclusively breastfeed their children. It can be concluded that
the scope of exclusive breastfeeding in the work area of PMB A Bogor City needs
to be increased. Efforts that can be made Including by increasing maternal
knowledge and understanding of the importance of exclusive breastfeeding to
babies. In addition, there is also a need for support from the family,
especially the husband, to the mother to breastfeed her baby. The support of
health workers is also very important to provide motivation and encouragement
to mothers to provide exclusive breastfeeding through counselling and
counselling.
Cause Collapse� mothers
practice various exclusive breastfeeding, such as the habit of giving formula
food, giving formula milk because the milk does not come out, stopping
breastfeeding because the mother or baby is sick, the mother is busy working so
that she does not have time to breastfeed the baby, and the mother wants to try
formula milk (Fikawati & Syafiq, 2015).
5.
The relationship between maternal knowledge and
exclusive breastfeeding in PMB A Bogor City
The results of this study are in accordance with the
research of Rachmania (2014), showing that there is a
relationship between the level of maternal knowledge about breastfeeding and
the act of exclusive breastfeeding. Ilhami's research
(2015) shows that there is a relationship between maternal knowledge and the
act of exclusive breastfeeding. Research by Widiyanto (2012) shows that there
is a relationship between a mother's education and knowledge and her attitude
toward exclusive breastfeeding.
In this study, there were two variables between maternal
knowledge and exclusive breastfeeding, showing a p-value of 0.05% < 0.004.
The hypothesis in this study proves that there is a relationship between
knowledge and exclusive breastfeeding by mothers who have babies under 0-6
months old. This result can be interpreted that knowledge contributes to the Significance
of the formation of exclusive breastfeeding practices.
Based on the description above, mothers who have adequate
knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding will pay more attention to the
importance of exclusive breastfeeding for their babies and themselves. Mothers
with good knowledge will tend to make more efforts to give exclusive
breastfeeding to their babies. Good mother's knowledge about giving������ Exclusive breastfeeding��������� will affect them deep exclusive
breastfeeding time. Low knowledge about the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding
and the purpose of exclusive breastfeeding can be the cause of failure to
breastfeed the baby.
�This is in line with
the opinion of Notatmodjo (2014), who states that an
individual's actions, including independence and responsibility in behaving,
are greatly influenced by dominant cognition and knowledge.
This result can be interpreted as knowledge making a
significant contribution to the formation of exclusive breastfeeding practices.
The results of this study are in line with the theory that knowledge or
cognition is a very important domain in shaping a person's actions. From
experience and research, it is proven that behaviours
based on knowledge are more lasting than behaviours
that are not based on knowledge (Notoatmodjo, 2015).
CONCLUSION
Most of the respondents in this
study had poor knowledge, on average, about exclusive breastfeeding. There is a
relationship between maternal knowledge and exclusive breastfeeding in PMB A
Bogor City with a p-value of 0.004 < α= 0.05, so Ho is rejected and Ha
is accepted. There needs to be counselling about the importance of exclusive
breastfeeding to the community in PMB A Bogor City because many respondents do
not know about the importance of exclusive breastfeeding.
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